Medieval Kings and Queens
Kings and queens have ruled Britain since the Romans. Some were very successful, powerful warriors in their own right, expanding their kingdom and governing their subjects with authority. But others were quite the opposite!
Edward the Confessor the Saint King
Edward the Confessor, son of Aethelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, had grown up in exile in Normandy after the Viking invasion of 1013. Although born an Anglo-Saxon, he spent much of his life in Normandy, which had made him essentially a Norman.
King Harthacnut the Last Danish King of England
King Harthacnut was the only son of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy. He was usurped to the throne of England by his half-brother, Harold I Harefoot, who dies a few years later. Harthacnut has him exhumed, beheaded and cast into a marsh! His short reign was most notable for tax increases during poor harvests, civil unrest and dying while toasting the health of a bride.
King Harold I Harefoot
King Harold I Harefoot was the eldest son of Cnut the Great and Aelfgifu of Northampton. He inherited the throne while his brother, the preferred heir Harthacnut, was away in Denmark. During his reign, Harold struggled for power, clashing with the church. He died while his brother was preparing to invade England, to take back his rightful throne.
King Cnut the Great
King Cnut the Great was the second son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunnhilde of Poland. He served in his father’s army as a teenager in England, gaining valuable experience that would later serve him well. Cnut was an excellent leader, with both the ferocity of a powerful warlord and the maturity of a great king. His determination and military might enabled him and his family to become kings of England and Scandinavia, in one of the great dynasties of the time. But, as with many before him, his power and empire would not last.
King Edmund II Ironside
King Edmund II (Ironside) was the son of Aethelred II the Unready and Aelfgifu, and king of England for just 7 months from April-November 1016. His reign was short and violent, which earned him the epithet ‘Ironside’, after resisting a vast Danish invasion, led by Cnut the Great and 10,000 men. Despite his valour, Edmund was eventually forced to share English rule with Cnut, after the decisive defeat at Assandun. Edmund died soon after, possibly assassinated, and was succeeded by Cnut the Great.
Sweyn Forkbeard the First Viking King of England
King Sweyn Forkbeard was the son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid, and proclaimed king of England for just 40 days from Christmas 1013-February 1014. He was never crowned. A vicious and dangerous Viking, Sweyn led a life of violence, not only against his father, but also the English. His brutality and revenge for his sister’s murder, enabled him to captured London, forcing Aethelred II to flee. But his reign did not last long, as he died a few weeks later falling of his horse at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire.
King Aethelred II the Unready
King Aethelred II (Æthelred or ‘Noble Council’) ('the Unready') was the younger son of Edgar the Peaceful and Aelfthryth, and king of England from 978-1013 and again from 1014-1016. Persistent Viking attacks, poor council and a lack of military ability plagued Aethelred II's reign. He lost the support of those around him, and the morale of the country. He was ultimately acceded by the Viking, Sweyn Forkbeard, who happened to die 3 months later. To which, Aethelred II was recalled to conditionally rule for 2 more years, until his death.
King Edward the Martyr Saint
King Edward ('the Martyr') was the eldest son of Edgar the Peaceful and Aethelflaed, and king of England from 975-978. Chaos, rebellion and ill luck dominated Edward's reign. He faced accession disputes, famine and uprising from his father's land grants to the church. Just 2 years into his reign, Edward is murdered at Corfe Castle. Later, the church would recognise him as a saint and a martyr.
King Edgar the Peaceful
King Edgar ('the Peaceful') was the second son of Edmund I and Aelfgifu of Shaftesbury, and king of England from 959-975 and of Mercia from 957-959. An excellent ruler, Edgar achieved peace, stability and prosperity across his kingdom, and faced no invasions from the Vikings. He reformed the church, brought in a new currency and created the counties we know today. But there was a darker side to him, and his affections for women brought out the worst of it.
King Eadwig the All-Fair
King Eadwig ('the All-Fair') was the elder son of Edmund I and Aelfgifu of Shaftesbury, and king of England from 955-957 and of Wessex from 957-959. A handsome but foolish king, he lost the favour of his court and the church. Powerful ealdormen soon left to support his younger brother. Mercia and Northumbria were lost, and Eadwig died suspiciously at just 18, only 4 years into his reign.
King Eadred the Unwell Warrior King
King Eadred was the younger son of Edward the Elder and his third wife, Edgiva, and king of England from 946-955. Another vigorous warrior king, Eadred battled with the Norsemen of York, losing and regaining the kingdom during his reign. King Eadred suffered from a stomach illness, which would cut his life short in 955, at the age of 32.
Discover King Edmund I the Magnificent
King Edmund I 'the magnificent' was the elder son of Edward the Elder and his third wife, Edgiva, and king of England from 939-946. Inheriting the expanded realm of England, Edmund initially lost York and Cumbria from the Norse and Scots, but through peace negotiations, baptisms and military skill, he won them back again. Edmund's reign was short, as he was killed in his own hall by an outlaw at the age of 25.
King Aethelstan King of all England
King Aethelstan (Æthelstan or ‘Noble Stone’) was the son of Edward the Elder, and king of all England from 925-939. Another of the conquering kings of Wessex, Aethelstan expanded his father's kingdom, gave much to the church and enhanced the power and prestige of kingship. Forming allies across Europe, and ruthlessly subjugating Wales, the Scots and the Danes, Aethelstan was one of England's great kings.
King Edward the Elder and Aethelflaed
King Edward the Elder was the son of Alfred the Great, and king of Wessex from 899-924. He was also nominally King of England from 918-924, through his success at overthrowing Viking settlements across the Danelaw.
King Alfred the Great King of Anglo-Saxons
In 871, Alfred the Great ruled over the kingdom of Wessex (871-899), which was the sole English territory kept from the invading Vikings. He ensured a single Saxon stronghold remained steady and strong, in an increasingly Viking England. Alfred the Great is the only English king to be given the glorified nickname "the Great", and indeed he deserved it.
King Aethelred I of Wessex
King Aethelbert (Æthelbert or 'Magnificent Noble') was the second eldest surviving son of Aethelwulf, and King of Wessex from 860-866. He, like his brother before him, had a short reign and life, having only lived into his early 30s when he died. During his reign, Aethelbert is most famous for not sending an army to engage the 'Great Heathen Army' of Vikings, led by Ragnar Lodbrok's sons, who landed at Thanet in 864.
King Aethelbert of Wessex
King Aethelbert (Æthelbert or 'Magnificent Noble') was the second eldest surviving son of Aethelwulf, and King of Wessex from 860-866. He, like his brother before him, had a short reign and life, having only lived into his early 30s when he died. During his reign, Aethelbert is most famous for not sending an army to engage the 'Great Heathen Army' of Vikings, led by Ragnar Lodbrok's sons, who landed at Thanet in 864.
King Aethelbald of Wessex
King Aethelbald (Æthelbald or 'Noble Bold') was the eldest surviving son of Aethelwulf, and King of Wessex from 855-860. He had a short reign, and a short life, having only lived into his 20s when he died. During his reign, Aethelbald is most famous for refusing his own father's entry to his kingdom, when Aethelwulf returned from Frankia with his new wife.
King Aethelwulf of Wessex
King Aethelwulf (Æthelwulf or ‘Noble Wolf’) was the son of Egbert, and King of Wessex from 839-858. Before becoming king, his father had sent him to conquer Kent, Sussex and Essex, and in doing so, he became king of Kent. Then in 839, he succeeded his father as king of Wessex too. Aethelwulf looked for alliances over conquest, and allied with Mercia against the many Viking invasions. A pious and generous man, he decided to give the church one tenth of his lands to receive God's favour, in the face of the attacking pagans. But, after returning from Rome, he would discover his kingdom lost, and reputation tarnished.
King Egbert of Wessex and Bretwalda
King Egbert (Ecgberht) ruled from 802-839, and is thought to be descended from the founder of Wessex, Cerdic (514-534), despite being the son of a Kentish noble. He was sent into exile by Offa, and resided at the court of Charlemagne. Upon his return, Egbert took back Wessex and conquered Mercia, Kent and Cornwall. Later, he was acknowledged as ruler of Northumbria, East Anglia and Sussex and would become known as Bretwalda, ruler of the British.